Secondary Storage

File Compression

File compression is commonly helps to speed up transmission of files from one computer systems to one another. The compression basically makes the file smaller, therefore the sending of the file is faster. Then, compress a file and send it to another computer that computer need to have a program that will decompress the file so it can be returned to "normal" and used.

Head Crash
 Head crash is a disaster of a hard disk . Head crash is a disastrous because the disk surface is scratched and some or all of the data is spoiled.  If the head becomes misaligned or if dust particles come between it and the disk, it can touch the disk. When this happens, you usually lose much of the data on the hard disk and will need to replace both the head and the disk.

Internet Hard Drive

Internet hard drives is known as i-drive or online storage. It has served to meet this need, offering a creative new solution to the issue of data storage.The sole purpose of an Internet hard drive is to offer of accessing your computer files such as pictures, graphics, documents, music, videos, and audio from any computer, as long as that computer has access to the Internet.

Optical Disk Drive

An optical disk drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrumk as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical disc. Optical disk drives retain much more information than classic portable media options like the floppy disk which retrieve and store data on optical discs like CDs and DVDs. Most optical disk drives can play or record onto a large number of different disc formats.

Solid-state Storage

Solid-state storage is a nonvolatile, removable storage medium that employs integrated circuits  rather than magnetic or optical media. Solid-stage storage devices have no moving parts. Data and information are stored and retrieved electronically directly from these devices. It is widely used in notebook computers, digital camera and digital video camera. Furthermore, it can used to record MP3 music files and stored images captured from digital cameras and then transfer the images to your computer.

Input and Output

Ergonomic Keyboard

Computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations to decrease muscle strain and a host of related problems is called as an ergonomic keyboard.. 'Ergonomic considerations' is a phrase which can get a lot of meanings so let's look at what a few of those are. A good ergonomic computer keyboard is going to keep your hands, wrists and shoulders in a better position than a standard keyboard would.

Ink-jet Printer

An ink-jet printer is a type of computer printer that sprays ink at high speed onto the surface of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink's path direct the ink onto the paper in the desired shapes. It is most widely used printers due to reliable, quiet and relatively inexpensive. Ink-jet printers are capable of producing high quality print approaching that produced by laser printers.

.Laser Printer

A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text, graphics capable of printing an almost unlimited variety of fonts on plain paper. It use laser beam to produce images with excellent letter and graphics quality. It is more expensive than ink-jet printer. Besides that, it is faster and are used in applications requiring high quality input.

Magnetic-ink chatacter reader (MICR)

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) is an input device widely used by banks to automatically read those unusual numbers on the bottom of checks. It consists of special ink called magnetic ink (i.e. an ink that contains iron oxide particles) is used to write characters on the check and deposit forms to be processed by an MICR. It is capable of reading characters which are compared with special potter stored in the memory to identify the characters.

Optical-character recognition (OCR)

Optical character recognition is the recognition of printed or written text characters by a computer. This involves photoscanning of the text character-by-character, analysis of the scanned-in image, and then translation of the character image into character codes, such as ASCII, commonly used in data processing. A common OCR device is the handheld wand reader and usually used in department stores to read retail price tags.

Optical-mark recognition (OMR)

Optical-mark recognition also called optical-mark reading is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and multiple choice tests. Optical-mark recognition is the technology of electronically extracting intended data from marked fields, such as checkboxes and fill-in fields, on printed forms. It is generally distinguished from OCR by the fact that a recognition engine is not needed.

The System Unit

Flash memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It can retain data even if power is disrupted. It used for digital video camera, mobile phone and portable computers.

Graphic cards

A graphic card or video card is a piece of hardware installed in computer that is responsible for providing the image on the computer’s monitor or display screen. Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games.

Sound cards

A sound card or audio card  is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include supplying the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education, and entertainment games.

Network interface card (NIC)

A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or expansion card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. Sometimes referred to as a LAN adapter. Network interface cards supply a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Most home and portable computers connect to the Internet through as-needed dial-up connection.

Plug & Play

Plug and Play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a universal serial bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.

Bus line

The bus lines are the communicating electronic lines that connect different parts of the CPU to various other parts. In addition, the bus lines also link the CPU to different parts on the system board of your computer. The data flows in the form of bits along the bus lines.

HDMI

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia-Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. It is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, or VGA.

Cache memory

Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a computer’s central processing unit (CPU). It is located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run and load programs, improving overall system speed.